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Esophoria is an eye condition involving inward deviation of the eye, usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. It is a type of heterophoria and unlike esotropia, fusion is possible and therefore diplopia is uncommon.
Convergence insufficiency is a binocular vision disorder that affects the ability of the eyes to turn towards each other. It can cause symptoms such as double vision, eye strain, headache, and difficulty reading. Learn about the diagnosis, treatment, and prevalence of convergence insufficiency.
This condition can be esophoria, where the eyes tend to cross inward in the absence of fusion; exophoria, in which they diverge; hyperphoria, in which one eye points up or down relative to the other; or cyclophoria, in which one eye is rotated differently around its line of sight from that of the other.
Exophoria is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward, usually mild and with fusion possible. It can be caused by refractive errors, divergence excess, or convergence insufficiency, and is common in infancy and childhood.
A cover test is an objective determination of the presence and amount of ocular deviation, such as strabismus or phoria. It involves covering and uncovering one eye while observing the movement of the other eye with a fixation target at different distances.
Esotropia is a form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward. It can be constant or intermittent, and can be caused by hyperopia, congenital factors, or other conditions. Learn about the different types of esotropia and how they are treated with glasses, prisms, exercises, or surgery.
Exotropia is a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated outward, causing crossed diplopia and loss of binocular vision. Learn about the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatment options for exotropia, such as glasses, patching, exercises, surgery, and vision therapy.
Accommodative vergence is measured as the ratio between how much convergence takes place for a given accommodation (AC/A ratio, CA/C ratio). Proximal vergence is sometimes also called voluntary vergence, which however more generally means vergence under voluntary control and is sometimes considered a fifth type of vergence. [4]