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Spondylolysis is a defect or stress fracture in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch. [1] The vast majority of cases occur in the lower lumbar vertebrae (L5), but spondylolysis may also occur in the cervical vertebrae .
Spondylolisthesis is when one spinal vertebra slips out of place compared to another. [1] While some medical dictionaries define spondylolisthesis specifically as the forward or anterior displacement of a vertebra over the vertebra inferior to it (or the sacrum), [2] [3] it is often defined in medical textbooks as displacement in any direction.
Spondylosis is the degeneration of the vertebral column from any cause. In the more narrow sense, it refers to spinal osteoarthritis , the age-related degeneration of the spinal column, which is the most common cause of spondylosis.
Surgery is the best treatment option for those who have CES. If left untreated, patients might develop paralysis and bladder incontinence. [ 22 ] Moreover, the timing of the surgery is crucial, but it is unknown as to when the best time to have it done is.
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[1] Treatment options for NC depends on the severity and cause of the condition, and may be nonsurgical or surgical. Nonsurgical interventions include drugs, physical therapy, and spinal injections. [10] Spinal decompression is the main surgical intervention and is the most common back surgery in patients over 65. [1]
A model showing the lumbar spinal area and pelvis, with spondylosis of the lumbar spine. A lumbar anterior root stimulator is a type of neuroprosthesis used in patients with a spinal cord injury or to treat some forms of chronic spinal pain.
The malpositioning seen on radiography may not cause any symptoms at all. If there are related symptoms, however, therapeutic options include chiropractic care, physical therapy and nerve block injections. As a last resort, decompressive laminectomy may be attempted to relieve pain symptoms and remove the abnormally enlarged portions of bone. [6]
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