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Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein [5] [6] that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The AFP gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 4 (4q13.3). [ 9 ]
A clinical study of lectin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein as an early indicator of hepatocellular carcinoma in the follow-up of cirrhotic patients. Shiraki, K., Hepatology, 22, 802–807, 1985. A clinical study of lectin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein as an early indicator of hepatocellular carcinoma in the follow-up of cirrhotic patients.
Pappalysin-1, also known as pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 protease is a protein encoded by the PAPPA gene in humans. [1] PAPPA is a secreted protease whose main substrate is insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Pappalysin-1 is also used in screening tests for Down syndrome. [2] [3]
Alpha globulins are round transport proteins that have a wide variety of functions. Human AFP is produced in the liver, yolk sac, and GI tract of a fetus and dispersed into plasma. The mother of the fetus also obtains AFP directly from the fetus. [8] AFP was first found in human fetal serum in 1965 and determined to be the fetal version of albumin.
Maternal serum AFP (MSAFP) varies by orders of magnitude during the course of a normal pregnancy. MSAFP increases rapidly until about 32 weeks gestation, then decreases gradually. After the pregnancy ends it decreases rapidly, with a half-life of about 5 days. Typically, MSAFP is measured in the beginning of the second trimester (14–16 weeks).
First trimester [68] Less invasive Maternal serum screening Including β-hCG, PAPP-A, alpha fetoprotein, inhibin-A. First or second trimester More invasive Chorionic villus sampling: Involves getting a sample of the chorionic villus and testing it. This can be done earlier than amniocentesis, but may have a higher risk of miscarriage, estimated ...
The triple test, also called triple screen, the Kettering test or the Bart's test, is an investigation performed during pregnancy in the second trimester to classify a patient as either high-risk or low-risk for chromosomal abnormalities (and neural tube defects). The term "multiple-marker screening test" is sometimes used instead.
Placental alpha microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) is a human protein that was first isolated in 1975 from amniotic fluid.PAMG-1 is an important biomarker for the detection of premature rupture of fetal membrane (PROM) The high concentration of PAMG-1 in amniotic fluid means it can be used to detect if this fluid is present in the cervico-vaginal discharge of pregnant women; the presence of PAMG-1 in ...