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Even during the famine the Shogunate accommodated 80,000 wild dogs in the kennels in Nakano and gave them 3 go (0.18L) of polished rice, 50 moon (187g) of bean paste and 1 go of sardines daily. The total space for the dog shelters in Nakano was approximately 750,000 square meters in 1702. [5]
One criterion suggests fish shorter in length than 15 cm (6 in) are sardines, and larger fish are pilchards. [15] The FAO/WHO Codex standard for canned sardines cites 21 species that may be classed as sardines. [4] Xouba is a small version of the pilchard which is prevalent in Spain. Xoubas, are small sardines, and a they come from Galicia, Spain.
Sardine and pilchard are common names for various species of small, oily forage fish in the herring suborder Clupeoidei. [2] The term 'sardine' was first used in English during the early 15th century; a somewhat dubious etymology says it comes from the Italian island of Sardinia, around which sardines were once supposedly abundant.
Scaled sardines are often referred to by anglers as greenbacks, though that common name can also refer to the Atlantic threadfin herring (or Atlantic thread herring). They can usually be caught with strings of wire loops known as minnow rings, sabiki rigs or by cast netting. They are taken by anglers for use as bait or for personal consumption. [2]
[4] [5] Schools of sardines are encircled by a net up to 1 kilometre in length which is then drawn closed at the bottom. The catch is then pumped on board the fishing vessel where it is stored in refrigerated holds at below freezing temperatures. 94% of the catch is used as feed in Southern bluefin tuna ranching operations off Port Lincoln ...
Sardines are commercially fished for a variety of uses: bait, immediate consumption, canning, drying, salting, smoking, and reduction into fish meal or fish oil. The chief use of sardines is for human consumption. Fish meal is used as animal feed, while sardine oil has many uses, including the manufacture of paint, varnish, and linoleum.
Prior to 1910, fish meal was primarily used as fertilizer, at least in the UK. [2]Fish meal is now primarily used as a protein supplement in compound feed. [2] [3] As of 2010, about 56% of fish meal was used to feed farmed fish, about 20% was used in pig feed, about 12% in poultry feed, and about 12% in other uses, which included fertilizer. [1]
Although little data exists regarding the safety of FRAPs, ethologist Marc Bekoff has suggested that dogs should be allowed to freely engage in them as long as the dog is in a safe area and will not harm others or themselves. [9] Likewise, FRAPs are normal and healthy behavior for cats as well. [6] They are referred to as "cat zoomies". [10]