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In object-oriented computer programming, a null object is an object with no referenced value or with defined neutral (null) behavior.The null object design pattern, which describes the uses of such objects and their behavior (or lack thereof), was first published as "Void Value" [1] and later in the Pattern Languages of Program Design book series as "Null Object".
A singly-linked list structure, implementing a list with three integer elements. The term list is also used for several concrete data structures that can be used to implement abstract lists, especially linked lists and arrays. In some contexts, such as in Lisp programming, the term list may refer specifically to a linked list rather than an array.
The object pool design pattern is used in several places in the standard classes of the .NET Framework. One example is the .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server. As SQL Server database connections can be slow to create, a pool of connections is maintained. Closing a connection does not actually relinquish the link to SQL Server.
VB .NET and C# also allow the use of the new operator to create value type objects, but these value type objects are created on the stack regardless of whether the operator is used or not. In C++, objects are created on the stack when the constructor is invoked without the new operator, and created on the heap when the constructor is invoked ...
List comprehension – C# 3 LINQ; Tuples – .NET Framework 4.0 but it becomes popular when C# 7.0 introduced a new tuple type with language support [104] Nested functions – C# 7.0 [104] Pattern matching – C# 7.0 [104] Immutability – C# 7.2 readonly struct C# 9 record types [105] and Init only setters [106]
According to Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software: "Define an interface for creating an object, but let subclasses decide which class to instantiate. Factory method lets a class defer instantiation to subclasses." [2] Creating an object often requires complex processes not appropriate to include within a composing object.
The list type is an immutable linked list represented either using a head:: tail notation (:: is the cons operator) or a shorthand as [item1; item2; item3]. An empty list is written []. The option type is a discriminated union type with choices Some(x) or None. F# types may be generic, implemented as generic .NET types.
Simula introduced important concepts that are today an essential part of object-oriented programming, such as class and object, inheritance, and dynamic binding. [10] The object-oriented Simula programming language was used mainly by researchers involved with physical modelling , such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and ...