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  2. Necessary and Proper Clause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause

    The Necessary and Proper Clause, also known as the Elastic Clause, [1] is a clause in Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution: The Congress shall have Power... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government ...

  3. Medical necessity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_necessity

    Medical necessity is a legal doctrine in the United States related to activities that may be justified as reasonable, necessary, and/or appropriate based on evidence-based clinical standards of care. In contrast, unnecessary health care lacks such justification. Other countries may have medical doctrines or legal rules covering broadly similar ...

  4. Extensional and intensional definitions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensional_and_in...

    An extensional definition gives meaning to a term by specifying its extension, that is, every object that falls under the definition of the term in question.. For example, an extensional definition of the term "nation of the world" might be given by listing all of the nations of the world, or by giving some other means of recognizing the members of the corresponding class.

  5. Necessary - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary

    Necessary and sufficient condition, in logic, something that is a required condition for something else to be the case; Necessary proposition, in logic, a statement about facts that is either unassailably true (tautology) or obviously false (contradiction) Metaphysical necessity, in philosophy, a truth which is true in all possible worlds

  6. Necessity and sufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency

    A number's being divisible by 4 is sufficient (but not necessary) for it to be even, but being divisible by 2 is both sufficient and necessary for it to be even. Example 3 An occurrence of thunder is a sufficient condition for the occurrence of lightning in the sense that hearing thunder, and unambiguously recognizing it as such, justifies ...

  7. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individuals_with...

    any related service personnel deemed appropriate or necessary; and; an administrator or CSE (Committee of Special Education) representative who has adequate knowledge of the availability of services in the district and the authority to commit those services on behalf of the child.

  8. Occam's razor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_razor

    3.328 "If a sign is not necessary then it is meaningless. That is the meaning of Occam's Razor." (If everything in the symbolism works as though a sign had meaning, then it has meaning.) 4.04 "In the proposition, there must be exactly as many things distinguishable as there are in the state of affairs, which it represents.

  9. Modal logic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_logic

    The commonly employed system S5 simply makes all modal truths necessary. For example, if p is possible, then it is "necessary" that p is possible. Also, if p is necessary, then it is necessary that p is necessary. Other systems of modal logic have been formulated, in part because S5 does not describe every kind of modality of interest.