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The effects of temperature on lithium iron phosphate batteries can be divided into the effects of high temperature and low temperature. Generally, LFP chemistry batteries are less susceptible to thermal runaway reactions like those that occur in lithium cobalt batteries; LFP batteries exhibit better performance at an elevated temperature.
The best NMC batteries exhibit specific energy values of over 300 Wh/kg. Notably, the specific energy of Panasonic’s “2170” NCA batteries used in Tesla’s 2020 Model 3 mid-size sedan is around 260 Wh/kg, which is 70% of its "pure chemicals" value. LFP batteries also exhibit a lower operating voltage than other lithium-ion battery types.
Batteries are used on spacecraft as a means of power storage. Primary batteries contain all their usable energy when assembled and can only be discharged. Secondary batteries can be recharged from some other energy source, such as solar panels or radioisotope-based power (), and can deliver power during periods when the space vehicle is out of direct sunlight.
Under certain conditions, some battery chemistries are at risk of thermal runaway, leading to cell rupture or combustion. As thermal runaway is determined not only by cell chemistry but also cell size, cell design and charge, only the worst-case values are reflected here. [64]
Battery leakage is the escape of chemicals, such as electrolytes, within an electric battery due to generation of pathways to the outside environment caused by factory or design defects, excessive gas generation, or physical damage to the battery.
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Lithium-ion batteries (including lithium-ion polymer batteries) UN 3481: 9: Lithium-ion batteries contained in equipment or lithium-ion batteries packed with equipment (including lithium-ion polymer batteries) UN 3482: 4.3: Alkali metal dispersion, flammable or alkaline earth metal dispersion, flammable UN 3483: 6.1: Motor fuel anti-knock ...
The M3 Pro and M3 Max models replace the space gray finish with a darker space black finish. A lower-end 14-inch model was introduced with an M3 chip and two USB 4/Thunderbolt 3 ports, replacing the 13-inch M2 MacBook Pro. [25] On October 30, 2024, Apple announced the updated 14-inch and 16-inch MacBook Pros with the M4 family of chips.