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The boundary of a set in topology. The boundary operator on a chain complex in homological algebra. The boundary operator of a differential graded algebra. The conjugate of the Dolbeault operator on complex differential forms. The boundary ∂(S) of a set of vertices S in a graph is the set of edges leaving S, which defines a cut.
A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula. As formulas are entirely constituted with symbols of various types, many symbols are needed for ...
In topology and mathematics in general, the boundary of a subset S of a topological space X is the set of points in the closure of S not belonging to the interior of S. An element of the boundary of S is called a boundary point of S. The term boundary operation refers to finding or taking the boundary of a set.
The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they should be read out loud, and the related field of mathematics. Additionally, the subsequent columns contains an informal explanation, a short example, the Unicode location, the name for use in HTML documents, [1] and the LaTeX symbol.
This following list features abbreviated names of mathematical functions, function-like operators and other mathematical terminology. This list is limited to abbreviations of two or more letters (excluding number sets). The capitalization of some of these abbreviations is not standardized – different authors might use different capitalizations.
meaning to add b and c first and then subtract the result from a, which would be written more commonly today as a − (b + c). Parentheses, used for grouping, are only rarely found in the mathematical literature before the eighteenth century. The vinculum was used extensively, usually as an overline, but Chuquet in 1484 used the underline ...
A function defined on a rectangle (top figure, in red), and its trace (bottom figure, in red). In mathematics, the trace operator extends the notion of the restriction of a function to the boundary of its domain to "generalized" functions in a Sobolev space.
Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols is a Unicode block comprising styled forms of Latin and Greek letters and decimal digits that enable mathematicians to denote different notions with different letter styles. The letters in various fonts often have specific, fixed meanings in particular areas of mathematics.