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The soil's pH also has a strong effect on the amount of volatilization. Specifically, highly alkaline soils (pH~8.2 or higher) have proven to increase urea hydrolysis. One study has shown complete hydrolysis of urea within two days of application on such soils. In acidic soils (pH 5.2) the urea took twice as long to hydrolyze. [7]
Crops do not always require a uniform application, as some areas will have different nutrient requirements due to their location (soil properties, sunlight). [2] Variable rate fertilizer spreaders can be used to increase or decrease fertilizer application rate, using a global positioning system (GPS). [5]
Polymer-coated urea, also called plastic-coated urea, or PCU, fertilizers can permit a more precise rate of nitrogen release than sulfur-coated urea products. It's possible to produce polymer-coated products where the nitrogen release can be delayed for 10 months after application.
Ammonium carbamate is an intermediate in the industrial production of urea. A typical industrial plant that makes urea can produce up to 4000 tons a day. [15] in this reactor and can then be dehydrated to urea according to the following equation: [14] [NH 2 CO 2][NH 4] → (NH 2) 2 CO + H 2 O
For fertilizer use, granules are preferred over prills because of their narrower particle size distribution, which is an advantage for mechanical application. Urea is usually spread at rates of between 40 and 300 kg/ha (35 to 270 lbs/acre) but rates vary. Smaller applications incur lower losses due to leaching.
Controlled release fertilizers are traditional fertilizers encapsulated in a shell that degrades at a specified rate. Sulfur is a typical encapsulation material. Other coated products use thermoplastics (and sometimes ethylene-vinyl acetate and surfactants, etc.) to produce diffusion-controlled release of urea or other fertilizers. "Reactive ...
Continuous application – Fertilizer is supplied at a constant rate. Three-stage application – Irrigation starts without fertilizers. Fertilizers are applied later in the process once the ground is wet, and the final stage clears fertilizers out of the irrigation system. [5] Proportional application – Injection rate is proportional to ...
Elemental sulfur (90–99% S) has been used at application rates of 300–500 kg/ha (270–450 lb/acre) – it slowly oxidises in the soil to form sulfuric acid. Acidifying fertilizers, such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea, can help to reduce the pH of soil because ammonium oxidises to form nitric acid.
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