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An air burst or airburst is the detonation of an explosive device such as an anti-personnel artillery shell or a nuclear weapon in the air instead of on contact with the ground or target. The principal military advantage of an air burst over a ground burst is that the energy from the explosion, including any shell fragments , is distributed ...
The creation of sparks from metals is based on the pyrophoricity of small metal particles, and pyrophoric alloys are made for this purpose. [2] Practical applications include the sparking mechanisms in lighters and various toys, using ferrocerium; starting fires without matches, using a firesteel; the flintlock mechanism in firearms; and spark testing ferrous metals.
The environment of the explosion (e.g. submarine, ground burst, air burst, or exo-atmospheric) determines how much energy is distributed to the blast and how much to radiation. In general, surrounding a bomb with denser media, such as water, absorbs more energy and creates more powerful shock waves while at the same time limiting the area of ...
The most powerful meteor air burst in the modern era was the 1908 Tunguska event. During this event a stony meteoroid about 50–60 m (160–200 ft) in size [ 1 ] [ 2 ] : p. 178 exploded at an altitude of 5–10 km (16,000–33,000 ft) over a sparsely populated forest in Siberia .
Mechanical time fuzes were good enough for field artillery to achieve the effective HE height of burst of about 10 metres above the ground. However, 'good enough' usually meant '4 in the air and 2 on the ground'. This fuze length was extremely difficult to predict, so the height of burst almost always had to be adjusted by observation.
Airburst effect from 40mm round on dummy soldiers. An airburst round is a type of tactical anti-personnel and anti-aircraft explosive ammunition, typically a shell or grenade, that detonates in midair, causing air burst effect fragment damage to enemy personnel or aircraft (notably comparably unsophisticated unmanned aircraft systems such as modified racing drones).
The M198 howitzer can fire an M107 up to 18.5 km (11.5 mi) using M4A2 "White Bag" propellant. Modified M107 rounds with base bleed and new aerodynamics can extend this range to around 32 km (20 mi).
M734 fuze cross section Amplifier (top) and oscillator. The M734 multi-option fuze [1] is a rangefinder and collision detection system used on 60 mm, 81 mm, and 120 mm mortar shells as a trigger to detonate the shells at the most damaging heights of burst when combating four types of battlefield threats: