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Close-up of an LCD, showing a dead green subpixel as a black rectangle A defective pixel or a dead pixel is a pixel on a liquid crystal display (LCD) that is not functioning properly. The ISO standard ISO 13406-2 distinguishes between three different types of defective pixels, [ 1 ] while hardware companies tend to have further distinguishing ...
Reverse bias: Although the LED is based on a diode junction and is nominally a rectifier, the reverse-breakdown mode for some types can occur at very low voltages and essentially any excess reverse bias can cause immediate degradation, and may lead to vastly accelerated failure. 5 V is a typical maximum reverse bias voltage specification for ...
Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA; often written with "failure modes" in plural) is the process of reviewing as many components, assemblies, and subsystems as possible to identify potential failure modes in a system and their causes and effects. For each component, the failure modes and their resulting effects on the rest of the system ...
The pumps are used in delivery of high-risk medications such as vasopressors, given to those with low blood pressure to make blood vessels constrict or become narrow.
The 'bathtub curve' hazard function (blue, upper solid line) is a combination of a decreasing hazard of early failure (red dotted line) and an increasing hazard of wear-out failure (yellow dotted line), plus some constant hazard of random failure (green, lower solid line). The bathtub curve is a particular shape of a failure rate graph.
A common application for charge-pump circuits is in RS-232 level shifters, where they are used to derive positive and negative voltages (often +10 V and −10 V) from a single 5 V or 3 V power supply rail. Charge pumps can also be used as LCD or white-LED drivers, generating high bias voltages from a single low-voltage supply, such as a battery.
The cause of LCD image retention is different from phosphor aging as in CRTs, but the visual phenomenon is the same: uneven use of display pixels. Slight LCD image retention can be recovered. When severe image retention occurs, the liquid crystal molecules have been polarized and cannot rotate in the electric field, so they cannot be recovered.
The example shown in the figure on the right illustrates a model-based FDI technique for an aircraft elevator reactive controller through the use of a truth table and a state chart. The truth table defines how the controller reacts to detected faults, and the state chart defines how the controller switches between the different modes of ...