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In biology, a protein filament is a long chain of protein monomers, such as those found in hair, muscle, or in flagella. [1] Protein filaments form together to make the cytoskeleton of the cell. They are often bundled together to provide support, strength, and rigidity to the cell.
In molecular biology, an axoneme, also called an axial filament, is the microtubule-based cytoskeletal structure that forms the core of a cilium or flagellum. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Cilia and flagella are found on many cells , organisms , and microorganisms , to provide motility.
Another important component in filament formation is the Arp2/3 complex, which binds to the side of an already existing filament (or "mother filament"), where it nucleates the formation of a new daughter filament at a 70-degree angle relative to the mother filament, effecting a fan-like branched filament network.
In certain genera—Narcissus, for example—at the top of the claw there is a ligular appendage that forms a cup inside the tepal cycle called paraperigonium or "false corolla". In other cases—Hymenocallis—the paraperigonium is constituted by a membrane that joins the filaments of the stamen together. In the latter case the paraperigonium ...
Stamen is the Latin word meaning "thread" (originally thread of the warp, in weaving). [8]Filament derives from classical Latin filum, meaning "thread" [8]; Anther derives from French anthère, [9] from classical Latin anthera, meaning "medicine extracted from the flower" [10] [11] in turn from Ancient Greek ἀνθηρά (anthērá), [9] [11] feminine of ἀνθηρός (anthērós) meaning ...
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are cytoskeletal structural components found in the cells of vertebrates, and many invertebrates. [1] [2] [3] Homologues of the IF protein have been noted in an invertebrate, the cephalochordate Branchiostoma. [4] Intermediate filaments are composed of a family of related proteins sharing common structural and ...
In the absence of antibiotics or other stressors, filamentation occurs at a low frequency in bacterial populations (4–8% short filaments and 0–5% long filaments in 1- to 8-hour cultures). [3] The increased cell length can protect bacteria from protozoan predation and neutrophil phagocytosis by making ingestion of cells more difficult.
Invertebrates have several other types of specific junctions, for example septate junctions (a type of occluding junction) [4] or the C. elegans apical junction. In multicellular plants, the structural functions of cell junctions are instead provided for by cell walls. The analogues of communicative cell junctions in plants are called ...