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Lymphocyte-activation gene 3, also known as LAG-3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the LAG3 gene. [5] LAG3, which was discovered in 1990 [6] and was designated CD223 (cluster of differentiation 223) after the Seventh Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigen Workshop in 2000, [7] is a cell surface molecule with diverse biological effects on T cell function but overall has an immune ...
Markers of T cell activation include CD69, CD71 and CD25 (also a marker for Treg cells), and HLA-DR (a marker of human T cell activation). CTLA-4 expression is also up-regulated on activated T cells, which in turn outcompetes CD28 for binding to the B7 proteins. This is a checkpoint mechanism to prevent over activation of the T cell.
T H 2 cells which produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. A third category called T helper 17 cells (T H 17) were also discovered which are named after their secretion of Interleukin 17. CD8 + cytotoxic T-cells may also be categorized as: [5] T c 1 cells, T c 2 cells. Similarly to CD4 + T H cells, a third category called T C 17 were discovered that also ...
CD3 (cluster of differentiation 3) is a protein complex and T cell co-receptor that is involved in activating both the cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ naive T cells) and T helper cells (CD4+ naive T cells). [1] It is composed of four distinct chains. In mammals, the complex contains a CD3γ chain, a CD3δ chain, and two CD3ε chains.
CD2 is a specific marker for T cells and NK cells, and can therefore be used in immunohistochemistry to identify the presence of such cells in tissue sections. The great majority of T cell lymphomas and leukaemias also express CD2, making it possible to use the presence of the antigen to distinguish these conditions from B cell neoplasms.
The first clear description of monocyte subsets by flow cytometry dates back to the late 1980s, when a population of CD16-positive monocytes was described. [6] [7] Today, three types of monocytes are recognized in human blood: [8] The classical monocyte is characterized by high level expression of the CD14 cell surface receptor (CD14 ++ CD16 ...
Inspired by Flow cytometry, in 2007 Scott D. Tanner built upon this ICP-MS with the first multiplexed assay using lanthanide metals to label DNA and cell surface markers. [8] In 2008 Tanner described the tandem attachment of a flow cytometer to an ICP-MS instrument as well as new antibody tags that would allow massively multiplexed analysis of ...
T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation causes the dephosphorylation of NFAT which in almost every kind of T cell then forms a complex with AP-1 (except in Tregs). This complex depending on the cytokine context then activates the key transcription factors of the distinct T cell subpopulations: T-bet for Th1, GATA3 for Th2, RORγ for Th17 and BATF for ...