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Naturally occurring ruthenium (44 Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes (of which two may in the future be found radioactive). Additionally, 27 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Of these radioisotopes, the most stable are 106 Ru, with a half-life of 373.59 days; 103 Ru, with a half-life of 39.26 days and 97 Ru, with a half-life of 2 ...
The ruthenium in PUREX raffinate can become oxidized to form volatile ruthenium tetroxide which forms a purple vapour above the surface of the aqueous liquor. The ruthenium tetroxide is very similar to osmium tetroxide; the ruthenium compound is a stronger oxidant which enables it to form deposits by reacting with other substances. In this way ...
After allowing the unstable isotopes of ruthenium to decay, chemical extraction could yield ruthenium for use in all applications of ruthenium. [32] [33] Ruthenium can also be produced by deliberate nuclear transmutation from 99 Tc. Given its relatively long half life, high fission product yield and high chemical mobility in the environment, 99
The fission ruthenium has a different isotope signature. The level of 100 Ru in the fission product mixture is low because fission produces neutron rich isotopes which subsequently beta decay and 100 Ru would only be produced in appreciable quantities by double beta decay of the very long-lived (half life 7.1 × 10 18 years) molybdenum isotope ...
Since a typical used nuclear fuel contains about 3% fission products, one ton of used fuel will contain about 1.9 kg of ruthenium. The 103 Ru and 106 Ru will render the fission ruthenium very radioactive. If the fission occurs in an instant then the ruthenium thus formed will have an activity due to 103 Ru of 109 TBq g −1 and 106 Ru of 1.52 ...
Of the 26 "monoisotopic" elements that have only a single stable isotope, all but one have an odd atomic number—the single exception being beryllium. In addition, no odd-numbered element has more than two stable isotopes, while every even-numbered element with stable isotopes, except for helium, beryllium, and carbon, has at least three.
Yield can be broken down by: Individual isotope; Chemical element spanning several isotopes of different mass number but same atomic number. Nuclei of a given mass number regardless of atomic number. Known as "chain yield" because it represents a decay chain of beta decay.
Only fissile isotopes of certain elements have the potential for use in nuclear weapons. For such use, the concentration of fissile isotopes uranium-235 and plutonium-239 in the element used must be sufficiently high. Uranium from natural sources is enriched by isotope separation, and plutonium is produced in a suitable nuclear reactor.