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Hyaline cartilage is the glass-like and translucent cartilage found on many joint surfaces. It is also most commonly found in the ribs , nose, larynx , and trachea . [ 1 ] Hyaline cartilage is pearl-gray in color, with a firm consistency and has a considerable amount of collagen.
When the ventricles of the heart contract in ventricular systole, the increased blood pressures in both chambers push the AV valves to close simultaneously, preventing the backflow of blood into the atria. Since the blood pressure in the atria is much lower than that in the ventricles, the flaps attempt to evert to the low pressure regions.
Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline). [1] Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. Cartilaginous joints also forms the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column.
Type II collagen is the basis for hyaline cartilage, including the articular cartilages at joint surfaces. It is formed by homotrimers of collagen, type II, alpha 1 chains. It makes up 50% of all protein in cartilage and 85–90% of collagen of articular cartilage. Type II collagen is organised into fibrils.
Hyaline cartilage has fewer cells than elastic cartilage; there is more intercellular space. Hyaline cartilage is found in the nose, ears, trachea, parts of the larynx, and smaller respiratory tubes. Fibrous cartilage has the fewest cells so it has the most intercellular space. Fibrous cartilage is found in the spine and the menisci.
Hyaline cartilage is named after its glassy appearance on fresh gross pathology. [3] On light microscopy of H&E stained slides, the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage looks homogeneously pink, and the term "hyaline" is used to describe similarly homogeneously pink material besides the cartilage.
The costal cartilages, also known as rib cartilage, are bars of hyaline cartilage [1] that serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax. Costal cartilage is only found at the anterior ends of the ribs, providing medial extension.
The papillary muscles of both the right and left ventricles begin to contract shortly before ventricular systole and maintain tension throughout. [1] This prevents regurgitation—backward flow of ventricular blood into the atrial cavities—by bracing the atrioventricular valves against prolapse—being forced back into the atria by the high ...