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Oncogenomics is a sub-field of genomics that characterizes cancer-associated genes.It focuses on genomic, epigenomic and transcript alterations in cancer. Cancer is a genetic disease caused by accumulation of DNA mutations and epigenetic alterations leading to unrestrained cell proliferation and neoplasm formation.
Since 1% to 3% of infected individuals are likely to develop gastric cancer, [109] H. pylori-induced gastric cancer is the third highest cause of worldwide cancer mortality as of 2018. [ 110 ] Infection by H. pylori causes no symptoms in about 80% of those infected. [ 111 ]
A tumor suppressor gene (TSG), or anti-oncogene, is a gene that regulates a cell during cell division and replication. [1] If the cell grows uncontrollably, it will result in cancer . When a tumor suppressor gene is mutated, it results in a loss or reduction in its function.
A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that could become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression. Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help to regulate the cell growth and differentiation. Proto-oncogenes are often involved in signal transduction and execution of mitogenic signals, usually through their protein products.
Lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer and leading cause of death in men and women in the United States, it is estimated that there is about 216,000 new cases and 160,000 deaths due to lung cancer. [116] Initiation and progression of lung carcinoma is the result of the interaction between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors.
Many transcription factors are either tumor suppressors or oncogenes, and, thus, mutations or aberrant regulation of them is associated with cancer. Three groups of transcription factors are known to be important in human cancer: (1) the NF-kappaB and AP-1 families, (2) the STAT family and (3) the steroid receptors .
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical review journal covering oncology and the development of new cancer treatments. It was established in 1982 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media .
The oldest surviving record of a human cancer is the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (dated ca. 1754 BC) but scientific oncology could only emerge in the 19th century, when tumors were studied at microscopic level with the help of the compound microscope and achromatic lenses. 19th century microbiology accumulated evidence that implicated bacteria ...