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where is the length of the conductor, measured in metres [m], A is the cross-section area of the conductor measured in square metres [m 2], σ is the electrical conductivity measured in siemens per meter (S·m −1), and ρ is the electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance) of the material, measured in ohm-metres (Ω·m ...
In electrostatics, a perfect conductor is an idealized model for real conducting materials. The defining property of a perfect conductor is that static electric field and the charge density both vanish in its interior. If the conductor has excess charge, it accumulates as an infinitesimally thin layer of surface charge. An external electric ...
Economic optimization of electric conductors (also known as economic cable sizing - ECS) is the process of selecting cable based on both safety and economic analysis. The objective of ECS is to minimise lifetime costs of cables and to reduce emissions due to loses in cables.
The Meissner effect is sometimes confused with the kind of diamagnetism one would expect in a perfect electrical conductor: according to Lenz's law, when a changing magnetic field is applied to a conductor, it will induce an electric current in the conductor that creates an opposing magnetic field. In a perfect conductor, an arbitrarily large ...
High Definition Television, any television system with more than 625 scan lines. headphone An audio transducer or pair of transducers arranged to be worn on (or in) the ear. heat transfer The study of the flow of heat energy; heat transfer concerns dictate major design features of most electrical and electronic systems. heatsink
When the resistivity of a material has a directional component, the most general definition of resistivity must be used. It starts from the tensor-vector form of Ohm's law, which relates the electric field inside a material to the electric current flow. This equation is completely general, meaning it is valid in all cases, including those ...
Hook-up wire is small-to-medium gauge, solid or stranded, insulated wire, [11] used for making internal connections inside electrical or electronic devices. It is often tin-plated to improve solderability. Wire bonding is the application of microscopic wires for making electrical connections inside semiconductor components and integrated circuits.
A premium efficiency electric motor: more than 90% (see Main Article: Premium efficiency). A large power transformer used in the electrical grid may have efficiency of more than 99%. Early 19th century transformers were much less efficient, wasting up to a third of the energy passing through them. [citation needed]