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The sector is the minimum storage unit of a hard drive. [2] Most disk partitioning schemes are designed to have files occupy an integral number of sectors regardless of the file's actual size. Files that do not fill a whole sector will have the remainder of their last sector filled with zeroes.
Size Density Sides Tracks tpi bpi Sectoring Coercivity Unformatted capacity per side 2 inch Video Floppy: 52 256 >800 kB or 50 fields of analog video [1] 2 inch LT-1: double 80 245 2 1 ⁄ 2 inch: Single 16 [2] [3] 48 [2] 64 kB 3 inch QuickDisk: 3.25 inch single 1 80 [4] 140 4,625 250 kB double 9,250 500 kB 3 1 ⁄ 2 inch: Single 2: 40 [5] 67.5 ...
For simplicity and maximum performance, the logical sector size is often identical to a disk's physical sector size, but can be larger or smaller in some scenarios. The minimum allowed value for non-bootable FAT12/FAT16 volumes with up to 65,535 logical sectors is 32 bytes, or 64 bytes for more than 65,535 logical sectors.
Cylinder, head, and sector of a hard drive. Cylinder-head-sector (CHS) is an early method for giving addresses to each physical block of data on a hard disk drive. It is a 3D-coordinate system made out of a vertical coordinate head, a horizontal (or radial) coordinate cylinder, and an angular coordinate sector. Head selects a circular surface ...
The limit on partition size was dictated by the 8-bit signed count of sectors per cluster, which originally had a maximum power-of-two value of 64. With the standard hard disk sector size of 512 bytes, this gives a maximum of 32 KB cluster size, thereby fixing the "definitive" limit for the FAT16 partition size at 2 GB for sector size 512.
The file size of a raw disk image is always a multiple of the sector size. For floppy disks and hard drives this size is typically 512 bytes (but other sizes such as 128 and 1024 exist). More precisely, the file size of a raw disk image of a magnetic disk corresponds to: Cylinders × Heads × (Sectors per track) × (Sector size)
In this example, a zero would indicate a free sector, while a one indicates a sector in use. Each sector would be of fixed size. For explanatory purposes, we will use a 4 GiB hard drive with 4096-byte sectors and assume that the bitmap itself is stored elsewhere. The example disk would require 1,048,576 bits, one for each sector, or 128 KiB ...
To correct for the processing delays, the ideal interleave for this system would be 1:4, ordering the sectors like this: 1 8 6 4 2 9 7 5 3. It reads sector 1, then processes it while the three sectors 8 6 and 4 pass by, and when the microprocessor becomes ready again, sector two is arriving just as it is needed.