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Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a medical condition characterized by blood pooling in the veins, leading to increased pressure and strain on the vein walls. [1] The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux, which often results in the formation of varicose veins, a treatable condition. [2]
The pain is worse during or after sexual intercourse, and can be worse just before the onset of the menstrual period. [ 8 ] Women with pelvic congestion syndrome have a larger uterus and a thicker endometrium . 56% of women manifest cystic changes to the ovaries, [ 9 ] and many report other symptoms, such as dysmenorrhea , back pain, vaginal ...
[19] [20] Both ovarian and internal iliac vein reflux causes leg varicose veins. This condition affects 14% of women with varicose veins or 20% of women who have had vaginal delivery and have leg varicose veins. [21] In addition, evidence suggests that failing to look for and treat pelvic vein reflux can be a cause of recurrent varicose veins. [22]
Attention will be focused on the direction of blood flow in both venous systems, and in the perforator veins, as well as on shunt detection. [nb 3] [23] A shunting of blood from the thigh veins back into the lower-leg veins produces a reflux situation. The veins most often found to be incompetent are the saphenous veins and the perforators ...
When the valves of perforator veins become incompetent they can cause venous reflux when the muscles contract. This has been explained by Mark Whiteley as "active venous reflux". [4] The resulting reflux can cause a rapid deterioration in an existing varicose disease and be responsible for the development of venous ulcers.
A venous ulcer tends to occur on the medial side of the leg, typically around the medial malleolus in the 'gaiter area' whereas arterial ulcer tends to occur on lateral side of the leg and over bony prominences. A venous ulcer is typically shallow with irregular sloping edges whereas an arterial ulcer can be deep and has a 'punched out' appearance.
Phlegmasia cerulea dolens (PCD) (literally: 'painful blue inflammation'), not to be confused with preceding phlegmasia alba dolens, is an uncommon severe form of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) that obstructs blood outflow from a vein. Upper extremity PCD is less common, occurring in under 10% of all cases. [1]
There are three main types: neurogenic, venous, and arterial. [1] The neurogenic type is the most common and presents with pain, weakness, paraesthesia, and occasionally loss of muscle at the base of the thumb. [1] [2] The venous type results in swelling, pain, and possibly a bluish coloration of the arm. [2]