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Dental panoramic radiograph showing Stafne defect in the right mandible, below the inferior alveolar nerve canal (arrowed, appears on lower left of image). This x-ray was taken for an unrelated assessment of wisdom teeth, and the Stafne defect was a chance finding.
Fissured tongue is seen in Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome (along with facial nerve paralysis and granulomatous cheilitis).It is also seen in most patients with Down syndrome, in association with geographic tongue, in patients with oral manifestations of psoriasis, and in healthy individuals.
A soft diet may be involved as normally food has an abrasive action on the tongue, which keeps the filiform papillae short. Pellagra , a condition caused by niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency, may cause a thick greyish fur to develop on the dorsal tongue, along with other oral signs.
The lingula of the mandible is a prominent bony ridge on the medial side of the mandible. It is next to the mandibular foramen . It gives attachment to the sphenomandibular ligament .
The cause is unknown. [1] [12] [13] Geographic tongue does not usually cause any symptoms, and in those cases where there are symptoms, an oral parafunctional habit may be a contributory factor. [9] Persons with parafunctional habits related to the tongue may show scalloping on the sides of the tongue (crenated tongue).
If a cause can be identified for a burning sensation in the mouth, then treatment of this underlying factor is recommended. If symptom persist despite treatment a diagnosis of BMS is confirmed. [11] BMS has been traditionally treated by reassurance and with antidepressants, anxiolytics or anticonvulsants.
Messner et al. [6] studied ankyloglossia and infant feeding. Thirty-six infants with ankyloglossia were compared to a control group without ankyloglossia. The two groups were followed for six months to assess possible breastfeeding difficulties; defined as nipple pain lasting more than six weeks, or infant difficulty latching onto or staying onto the mother's breast.
This restriction causes forward head posture which can then lead to back pain, neck pain, and numbness in the hands and arms. The nasopharyngeal airway restriction can also lead to Sleep apnea and snoring. Sleep apnea can lead to heart problems, endocrine problems, increased weight, and cognition problems, among other issues. [2]