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  2. Baroreflex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroreflex

    While the carotid sinus baroreceptor axons travel within the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), the aortic arch baroreceptor axons travel within the vagus nerve (CN X). Baroreceptor activity travels along these nerves directly into the central nervous system to excite glutamatergic neurons within the solitary nucleus (SN) in the brainstem. [ 3 ]

  3. Baroreceptor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroreceptor

    Action potentials triggered in the baroreceptor ending are then directly conducted to the brainstem where central terminations (synapses) transmit this information to neurons within the solitary nucleus [6] which lies in the medulla. Reflex responses from such baroreceptor activity can trigger increases or decreases in the heart rate.

  4. Startle response - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startle_response

    Usually the onset of the startle response is a startle reflex reaction. The startle reflex is a brainstem reflectory reaction (reflex) that serves to protect vulnerable parts, such as the back of the neck (whole-body startle) and the eyes (eyeblink) and facilitates escape from sudden stimuli. It is found across many different species ...

  5. Autonomic nervous system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system

    Autonomic nervous system, showing splanchnic nerves in middle, and the vagus nerve as "X" in blue. The heart and organs below in list to right are regarded as viscera. The autonomic nervous system has been classically divided into the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system only (i.e., exclusively motor).

  6. Stress (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biology)

    The reaction of these systems causes a number of physical changes that have both short- and long-term effects on the body. [24] The Holmes and Rahe stress scale was developed as a method of assessing the risk of disease from life changes. [25] The scale lists both positive and negative changes that elicit stress.

  7. Area postrema - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_postrema

    The area postrema, a paired structure in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, [1] is a circumventricular organ having permeable capillaries and sensory neurons that enable its dual role to detect circulating chemical messengers in the blood and transduce them into neural signals and networks.

  8. Biochemical cascade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade

    The basic unit of the Reactome database is a reaction; reactions are then grouped into causal chains to form pathways [115] The Reactome data model allows us to represent many diverse processes in the human system, including the pathways of intermediary metabolism, regulatory pathways, and signal transduction, and high-level processes, such as ...

  9. Emotional self-regulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation

    Such behaviors often elicit negative reactions from the social environment, which, in turn, can exacerbate or maintain the original regulation problems over time, a process termed cumulative continuity. These children are more likely to have conflict-based relationships with their teachers and other children.