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  2. Geode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geode

    After rock around the cavity hardens, dissolved silicates and/or carbonates are deposited on the inside surface. Over time, this slow feed of mineral constituents from groundwater or hydrothermal solutions allows crystals to form inside the hollow chamber. Bedrock containing geodes eventually weathers and decomposes, leaving them present at the ...

  3. Concretion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretion

    Groundwater containing methane or petroleum from underlying rock beds reacted with the iron oxide, converting it to soluble reduced iron. When the iron-bearing groundwater came into contact with more oxygen-rich groundwater, the reduced iron was converted back to insoluble iron oxide, which formed the concretions.

  4. Flowstone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowstone

    Flowstones are sheetlike deposits of calcite or other carbonate minerals, formed where water flows down the walls or along the floors of a cave. [1] They are typically found in "solution caves", in limestone, where they are the most common speleothem. However, they may form in any type of cave where water enters that has picked up dissolved ...

  5. Cementation (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementation_(geology)

    Calcite cement in an ooid-rich limestone; Carmel Formation, Jurassic of Utah. Minerals bond grains of sediment together by growing around them. This process is called cementation and is a part of the rock cycle. Cementation involves ions carried in groundwater chemically precipitating to form new crystalline material between sedimentary grains ...

  6. Dakota Formation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Formation

    Ground water flowing from inland reacted with changes in pH, oxygenation, and salinity as it encountered seawater, depositing iron oxide and calcite in underground layers near shorelines. These minerals hardened the material and fossils to preserve evidence of the ecology of those environments. [ 5 ]

  7. Enhydro agate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhydro_agate

    This is a three phase inclusion in rock crystal quartz. The solid is a black material that is of bituminous origin. The liquid encased is petroleum, and the gas bubble is methane. Enhydros are formed when water rich in silica percolates through volcanic rock, forming layers of deposited mineral. As layers build up, the mineral forms a cavity in ...

  8. Matrix (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(geology)

    The change of aragonite to calcite and of calcite to dolomite, by forming new crystalline masses in the interior of the rock, usually also accelerates consolidations. Silica is less easily soluble in ordinary waters, but even this ingredient of rocks is dissolved and redeposited with great frequency. Many sandstones are held together by an ...

  9. Sedimentary structures - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_structures

    Flow regimes in single-direction (typically fluvial) flow, which at varying speeds and velocities produce different structures, are called bedforms. In the lower flow regime, the natural progression is from a flat bed, to some sediment movement (saltation etc.), to ripples, to slightly larger dunes. Dunes have a vortex in the lee side of the dune.

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