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The antimicrobial spectrum of an antibiotic can be determined by testing its antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microbes in vitro. Nonetheless, the range of microorganisms which an antibiotic can kill or inhibit in vivo may not always be the same as the antimicrobial spectrum based on data collected in vitro. [2] [5]
Oxazolidinones are useful as Evans auxiliaries, which are of interest for chiral synthesis. In a common implementation, an acid chloride substrate reacts with a chiral oxazolidinone to form an imide. Substituents at the 4 and 5 position of the oxazolidinone direct any aldol reaction to the alpha position of the carbonyl of the substrate. [6]
Pressure is transmitted by the air through pipe P2 into the water supply B, and pushes the water up into pipe P3. Water moving up pipe P3 replaces water falling from A into C, closing the loop. These principles explain the construction: The air in C must not escape through pipe P1, which is why P1 must go to the bottom, so that the water seals it.
The oxazolidinone pharmacophore—the chemical "template" essential for antimicrobial activity—consists of a 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one moiety with an aryl group at position 3 and an S-methyl group, with another substituent attached to it, at position 5 (the R-enantiomers of all oxazolidinones are devoid of antibiotic properties). [108]
The lipoglycopeptide dalbavancin and the oxazolidinone tedizolid has also been approved for use for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection. The first in a new class of narrow-spectrum macrocyclic antibiotics, fidaxomicin, has been approved for the treatment of C. difficile colitis. [162]
A fountain consists of a means of spraying the water upwards into the air. Typically this may be done using a motor that powers a rotating impeller. The impeller pumps water from the first few feet of the water and expels it into the air. [4] This process utilizes air-water contact to transfer oxygen.
A standard APW extinguisher in the United States contains 9.5 litres (2.5 US gal) of water in a stainless steel tank. The water is discharged by means of a 13 mm (1 ⁄ 2 in) hose, with a smooth-bore nozzle attached to the tip. They will initially produce a 12–15 m (40–50 ft) stream of water, with a discharge time of about 50 seconds.
The UV lamps for water treatment consist of specialized low-pressure mercury-vapor lamps that produce ultraviolet radiation at 254 nm, or medium-pressure UV lamps that produce a polychromatic output from 200 nm to visible and infrared energy. The UV lamp never contacts the water; it is either housed in a quartz glass sleeve inside the water ...