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A placental infarction results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the placenta, causing its cells to die. Small placental infarcts, especially at the edge of the placental disc, are considered to be normal at term .
A placental disease is any disease, disorder, or pathology of the placenta. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Ischemic placental disease leads to the attachment of the placenta to the uterine wall to become under-perfused, causing uteroplacental ischemia.
Intrauterine hypoxia (also known as fetal hypoxia) occurs when the fetus is deprived of an adequate supply of oxygen.It may be due to a variety of reasons such as prolapse or occlusion of the umbilical cord, placental infarction, maternal diabetes (prepregnancy or gestational diabetes) [1] and maternal smoking.
Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]
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Causes of postpartum hemorrhage are uterine atony, trauma, retained placenta or placental abnormalities, and coagulopathy, commonly referred to as the "four Ts": [12] Tone: uterine atony is the inability of the uterus to contract and may lead to continuous bleeding. Retained placental tissue and infection may contribute to uterine atony.
MPFD is caused by deposition fibrous tissue around the chorionic villi of the placenta. [1] [3] The placenta often shows lesions upon histology and autopsy. [8] The villi become trapped, causing avascular necrosis. [1] This causes reduced substance exchange, and movement of the placenta. [1]
Placental disorders associated with perinatal stroke range from anatomical (site or degree of implantation) such as placenta previa [27] to placenta-maternal effects (fetal erythroblastosis). [ 28 ] Infections like chorioamnionitis cause an infection in the maternal blood, commonly leading to premature birth and the newborn experiencing brain ...