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  2. Cistron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistron

    The question of which scope of a subset of DNA (that is, how large a segment of DNA) constitutes a unit of selection is the question that governs whether cistrons are the same thing as genes. The word cistron is used to emphasize that molecular genes exhibit a specific behavior in a complementation test (cis-trans test); distinct positions (or ...

  3. Gene structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_structure

    Gene structure is the organisation of specialised sequence elements within a gene.Genes contain most of the information necessary for living cells to survive and reproduce. [1] [2] In most organisms, genes are made of DNA, where the particular DNA sequence determines the function of the gene.

  4. Internal ribosome entry site - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_ribosome_entry_site

    IRES sequences are often used in molecular biology to co-express multiple genes under the control of the same promoter, thereby mimicking a polycistronic mRNA. Within the past decades, IRES sequences have been used to develop hundreds of genetically modified rodent animal models. [ 12 ]

  5. Multicistronic message - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicistronic_message

    Multicistronic message is an archaic term for Polycistronic. Monocistronic, bicistronic and tricistronic are also used to describe mRNA with single, double and triple coding areas (exons). Note that the base word cistron is no longer used in genetics, and has been replaced by intron and exon in eukaryotic mRNA. However, the mRNA found in ...

  6. Expression cassette - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_cassette

    An expression cassette is composed of one or more genes and the sequences controlling their expression. [3] An expression cassette comprises three components: a promoter sequence, an open reading frame , and a 3' untranslated region that, in eukaryotes, usually contains a polyadenylation site.

  7. Regulatory sequence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_sequence

    Cis-regulatory DNA sequences that are located in DNA regions distant from the promoters of genes can have very large effects on gene expression, with some genes undergoing up to 100-fold increased expression due to such a cis-regulatory sequence. [3] These cis-regulatory sequences include enhancers, silencers, insulators and tethering elements. [4]

  8. Messenger RNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA

    [28] [29] On the other hand, polycistronic mRNA carries several open reading frames (ORFs), each of which is translated into a polypeptide. These polypeptides usually have a related function (they often are the subunits composing a final complex protein) and their coding sequence is grouped and regulated together in a regulatory region ...

  9. Long interspersed nuclear element - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_interspersed_nuclear...

    In plant genomes, epigenetic modification of LINEs can lead to expression changes of nearby genes and even to phenotypic changes: In the oil palm genome, methylation of a Karma-type LINE underlies the somaclonal, 'mantled' variant of this plant, responsible for drastic yield loss.