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In mathematics, a fractal is a geometric shape containing detailed structure at arbitrarily small scales, usually having a fractal dimension strictly exceeding the topological dimension. Many fractals appear similar at various scales, as illustrated in successive magnifications of the Mandelbrot set .
While an optimally packed fractal appears only for a defined value of r, i.e., r opt, it is possible to play the chaos game using other values as well.If r>1 (the point x k+1 jumps at a greater distance than the distance between the point x k and the vertex v), the generated figure extends outside the initial polygon. [5]
A 4K UHD 3D Mandelbulb video A ray-marched image of the 3D Mandelbulb for the iteration v ↦ v 8 + c. The Mandelbulb is a three-dimensional fractal, constructed for the first time in 1997 by Jules Ruis and further developed in 2009 by Daniel White and Paul Nylander using spherical coordinates.
The terms fractal dimension and fractal were coined by Mandelbrot in 1975, [16] about a decade after he published his paper on self-similarity in the coastline of Britain. . Various historical authorities credit him with also synthesizing centuries of complicated theoretical mathematics and engineering work and applying them in a new way to study complex geometries that defied description in ...
In mathematics, iterated function systems (IFSs) are a method of constructing fractals; the resulting fractals are often self-similar. IFS fractals are more related to set theory than fractal geometry. [1] They were introduced in 1981. IFS fractals, as they are normally called, can be of any number of dimensions, but are commonly computed and ...
In this approach, pixels that are sufficiently close to M are drawn using a different color. This creates drawings where the thin "filaments" of the Mandelbrot set can be easily seen. This technique is used to good effect in the B&W images of Mandelbrot sets in the books "The Beauty of Fractals [9]" and "The Science of Fractal Images". [10]
Examples of ball packing, ball covering, and box covering. It is possible to define the box dimensions using balls, with either the covering number or the packing number. The covering number () is the minimal number of open balls of radius required to cover the fractal, or in other words, such that their union contains the fractal.
Fractal fern in four states of construction. Highlighted triangles show how the half of one leaflet is transformed to half of one whole leaf or frond.. Though Barnsley's fern could in theory be plotted by hand with a pen and graph paper, the number of iterations necessary runs into the tens of thousands, which makes use of a computer practically mandatory.