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As long as the bandwidth can support the stream, and the buffer size is sufficient, buffering only causes a detectable delay before the start of media playback. However, for interactive real-time applications, e.g., voice over IP (VoIP), PDV can be a serious issue and hence VoIP transmissions may need quality-of-service –enabled networks to ...
When packet loss occurs in the network, an additional limit is imposed on the connection. [2] In the case of light to moderate packet loss when the TCP rate is limited by the congestion avoidance algorithm , the limit can be calculated according to the formula (Mathis, et al.):
Note that 3 shows a swap chain with three buffers; the original definition of triple buffering would throw away frame C as soon as frame D finished, and start drawing frame E into buffer 1 with no delay. Set 4 shows what happens when a frame (B, in this case) takes longer than normal to draw. In this case, a frame update is missed.
Nagle's algorithm works by combining a number of small outgoing messages and sending them all at once. Specifically, as long as there is a sent packet for which the sender has received no acknowledgment, the sender should keep buffering its output until it has a full packet's worth of output, thus allowing output to be sent all at once.
Bufferbloat is the undesirable latency that comes from a router or other network equipment buffering too many data packets.Bufferbloat can also cause packet delay variation (also known as jitter), as well as reduce the overall network throughput.
When a station wishes to pause the other end of a link, it sends a pause frame to either the unique 48-bit destination address of this link or to the 48-bit reserved multicast address of 01-80-C2-00-00-01. [2]: Annex 31B.3.3 The use of a well-known address makes it unnecessary for a station to discover and store the address of the station at ...
In addition, there is a basic layer-3 aggregation [20] that allows servers with multiple IP interfaces on the same network to perform load balancing, and for home users with more than one internet connection, to increase connection speed by sharing the load on all interfaces.
Thus, for example, when an IP packet reaches its destination (sub)network, the destination IP address (a layer 3 or network layer concept) is resolved with the Address Resolution Protocol for IPv4, or by Neighbor Discovery Protocol (IPv6) into the MAC address (a layer 2 concept) of the destination host.