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  2. Integration by reduction formulae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_by_reduction...

    The main idea is to express an integral involving an integer parameter (e.g. power) of a function, represented by I n, in terms of an integral that involves a lower value of the parameter (lower power) of that function, for example I n-1 or I n-2. This makes the reduction formula a type of recurrence relation. In other words, the reduction ...

  3. Newton's method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method

    An illustration of Newton's method. In numerical analysis, the Newton–Raphson method, also known simply as Newton's method, named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a root-finding algorithm which produces successively better approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued function.

  4. Integration using Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_using_Euler's...

    In integral calculus, Euler's formula for complex numbers may be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions. Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms of complex exponential functions, namely e i x {\displaystyle e^{ix}} and e − i x {\displaystyle e^{-ix}} and then integrated.

  5. Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_methods_for...

    Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Their use is also known as "numerical integration", although this term can also refer to the computation of integrals. Many differential equations cannot be solved exactly.

  6. List of integrals of rational functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integrals_of...

    The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of rational functions. Any rational function can be integrated by partial fraction decomposition of the function into a sum of functions of the form:

  7. Integration using parametric derivatives - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_using...

    For example, suppose we want to find the integral ∫ 0 ∞ x 2 e − 3 x d x . {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }x^{2}e^{-3x}\,dx.} Since this is a product of two functions that are simple to integrate separately, repeated integration by parts is certainly one way to evaluate it.

  8. Rational root theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_root_theorem

    The rational root theorem is a special case (for a single linear factor) of Gauss's lemma on the factorization of polynomials. The integral root theorem is the special case of the rational root theorem when the leading coefficient is a n = 1.

  9. Risch algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risch_Algorithm

    Risch called it a decision procedure, because it is a method for deciding whether a function has an elementary function as an indefinite integral, and if it does, for determining that indefinite integral. However, the algorithm does not always succeed in identifying whether or not the antiderivative of a given function in fact can be expressed ...

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