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H 1 antagonists, also called H 1 blockers, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the H 1 receptor, helping to relieve allergic reactions.Agents where the main therapeutic effect is mediated by negative modulation of histamine receptors are termed antihistamines; other agents may have antihistaminergic action but are not true antihistamines.
Antihistamines are drugs which treat allergic rhinitis, common cold, influenza, and other allergies. [1] Typically, people take antihistamines as an inexpensive, generic (not patented) drug that can be bought without a prescription and provides relief from nasal congestion, sneezing, or hives caused by pollen, dust mites, or animal allergy with few side effects. [1]
The medication works by blocking histamine H 1 receptors, mostly outside the brain. [6] Cetirizine can be used for paediatric patients. The main side effect to be cautious about is somnolence. [9] It was patented in 1983 [10] [11] and came into medical use in 1987. [12] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [13]
[medical citation needed] Loratadine is a long-acting antihistamine (H 1 histamine antagonist) that is less sedating than older substances of its type. [medical citation needed] In 2022, it was the 289th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 500,000 prescriptions. [2] [3]
It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and cause sedation, compared to first-generation antihistamines. [12] [13] It was patented in 1979 and came into medical use in 1996. [14] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [15]
Loratadine, sold under the brand name Claritin among others, is a medication used to treat allergies. [5] This includes allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and hives. [5] It is also available in drug combinations such as loratadine/pseudoephedrine, in which it is combined with pseudoephedrine, a nasal decongestant. [5]
The medication takes effect within two hours and lasts for about 4–6 hours. [2] It is a first-generation antihistamine and works by blocking the histamine H 1 receptor. [2] Common side effects include sleepiness, restlessness, and weakness. Other side effects may include dry mouth and wheeziness. [2]
The first-generation sedating antihistamines diphenhydramine, doxepin, doxylamine, and pyrilamine are the most widely used medications in the world for preventing and treating insomnia. [6] As of 2004, doxylamine and diphenhydramine, which are both over-the-counter medications, were the agents most commonly used to treat short-term insomnia. [ 11 ]
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