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Atropine, a tropane alkaloid, is an enantiomeric mixture of d-hyoscyamine and l-hyoscyamine [35], with most of its physiological effects due to l-hyoscyamine, the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine. Its pharmacological effects are due to binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors .
Side effects attributed to the atropine content (especially when taken in excess doses, or in children), include: flushing, dryness in many areas, urinary retention, insomnia, headache, anxiety, hyperthermia, and tachycardia. It is these side effects that make it undesirable for most patients to take higher amounts of the medicine.
It causes tachycardia by blocking vagal effects on the sinoatrial node. Acetylcholine hyperpolarizes the sinoatrial node; this is overcome by MRAs, and thus they increase the heart rate. If atropine is given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, it causes initial bradycardia.
After injection effects are generally greatest within 30 minutes and last up to 4 hours. [3] [5] Common side effects include nausea, increased saliva, crampy abdominal pain, and slow heart rate. [3] More severe side effects include low blood pressure, weakness, and allergic reactions. [3] It is unclear if use in pregnancy is safe for the baby. [3]
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It is typically given by mouth but can also be used by injection. [3] The effects generally begin within 45 minutes and last up to 4 hours. [3] Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, frequent urination, and abdominal pain. [3] More severe side effects include low blood pressure, weakness, and allergic reactions. [3]
Common side effects include priapism, bruising, fibrosis, Peyronie's disease, and pain. [citation needed] Priapism is also often treated with intracavernous injections, usually with sympathomimetic vasoconstricting drugs like adrenaline or phenylephrine. [citation needed]
Hyoscyamine (also known as daturine or duboisine) is a naturally occurring tropane alkaloid and plant toxin. It is a secondary metabolite found in certain plants of the family Solanaceae, including henbane, mandrake, angel's trumpets, jimsonweed, the sorcerers' tree, and Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade).