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The prevalence of calligraphy in Islamic art is not directly related to its non-figural tradition; rather, it reflects the centrality of the notion of writing and written text in Islam. [7] Islamic calligraphy developed from two major styles: Kufic and Naskh. There are several variations of each, as well as regionally specific styles.
Kairouani style was used for the first time in the Nurse's Quran, finished in 1020 [1] during the last decades of Kairouan’s intellectual and political golden era. The manuscript was kept for centuries in the maqsurah of Ibn Badis, a small cell measuring 8x6 meters next to the qibla wall that served as a library, [2] in the main prayer room of the Great Mosque.
Thuluth (Arabic: ثُلُث, Ṯuluṯ or Arabic: خَطُّ الثُّلُثِ, Ḵaṭṭ-uṯ-Ṯuluṯ; Persian: ثلث, Sols; Turkish: Sülüs, from thuluth "one-third") is an Arabic script variety of Islamic calligraphy. The straight angular forms of Kufic were replaced in the new script by curved and oblique lines.
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Muhaqqaq is one of the main six types of calligraphic script in Arabic. [1] The Arabic word muḥaqqaq (محقَّق) means "consummate" or "clear", and originally was used to denote any accomplished piece of calligraphy.
Nassar Mansour (Arabic: نصّار منصور), (born February 2, 1967), is an artist, calligrapher, academic and designer in the field of Islamic Arts, specializing in Islamic Calligraphy. He is considered to be one of the most accomplished contemporary Arab calligraphers today.
Tawqi‘ (Arabic: التوقيع, romanized: al-tawqī‘) is a calligraphic variety of the Arabic script. It is a modified and smaller version of the thuluth script. Both scripts were developed by Ibn Muqlah. [1] The tawqi‘ script was further refined by Ibn al-Bawwab. [2]
Naskh [a] is a smaller, round script of Islamic calligraphy.Naskh is one of the first scripts of Islamic calligraphy to develop, commonly used in writing administrative documents and for transcribing books, including the Qur’an, because of its easy legibility.