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Viruses can cause massive human mortality. The smallpox virus killed an estimated 10 to 15 million people per year until 1967. [3] Smallpox was finally eliminated in 1977 by extinction of the virus through vaccination, and the impact of viruses such as influenza, poliomyelitis and measles are mainly controlled by vaccination. [4]
Waterborne diseases were once wrongly explained by the miasma theory, the theory that bad air causes the spread of diseases. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] However, people started to find a correlation between water quality and waterborne diseases, which led to different water purification methods, such as sand filtering and chlorinating their drinking water.
In addition to surveillance of human wastewater, studies have also been conducted on livestock wastewater. [30] A 2011 article reported findings of 11.8% of collected human wastewater samples and 8.6% of swine wastewater samples as positive of the pathogen Clostridioides difficile. [31]
Samples from wastewater plants across the nation show an increase in multiple flu viruses. Some experts worry that H5N1 bird flu might be to blame. Flu season is over, but there is a viral surge ...
For monitoring influenza A virus in wastewater, CDC compares the most recent weeks of influenza A virus levels recorded at a wastewater site to levels reported between Oct. 1, 2023 and March 2 ...
But wastewater surveillance — the testing of sewage for signs of pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, poliovirus and mpox virus — has yet to be employed in the tracking of H5N1 bird flu virus.
Aichivirus A has been reported at high rates in wastewater but was first seen in 2010. [27] Wastewater treatment cannot get rid of all the viral particles before being discharged into the environment. [3] Due to the stability of aichivirus in sewage before and after treatment, aichivirus A is likely a human fecal pollutant indicator. [3]
The human virome is the total collection of viruses in and on the human body. [1] [2] [3] Viruses in the human body may infect both human cells and other microbes such as bacteria (as with bacteriophages). [4] Some viruses cause disease, while others may be asymptomatic.