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In epidemiology, force of infection (denoted ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease. [1] Because it takes account of susceptibility it can be used to compare the rate of transmission between different groups of the population for the same infectious disease, or even between different infectious diseases.
Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). [1] Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi , oomycetes , bacteria , viruses , viroids , virus -like organisms, phytoplasmas , protozoa , nematodes and parasitic plants . [ 2 ]
Plant disease resistance is crucial to the reliable production of food, and it provides significant reductions in agricultural use of land, water, fuel, and other inputs. Plants in both natural and cultivated populations carry inherent disease resistance, but this has not always protected them.
Plant disease resistance is the ability of a plant to prevent and terminate infections from plant pathogens. Structures that help plants prevent pathogens from entering are the cuticular layer, cell walls, and stomata guard cells.
Male S. latifolia tend to have a lower rate of infection compared to female S. latifolia because males have the ability to drop contaminated flowers before the entire plant is infected by M. violaceum; whereas, females do not have that male phenotype. So females hold onto the flowers with the intention to develop fruits carrying seeds with the ...
Most plants exhibit apical dominance, but infection can trigger the proliferation of axillary (side) shoots and a reduction in internode size. [8] Such symptoms are actually useful in the commercial production of poinsettias. An infection triggers more axillary shoot production; the poinsettia plants thus produce more than a single flower. [13]
Phyllody on a purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea). Phyllody is the abnormal development of floral parts into leafy structures. It is generally caused by phytoplasma or virus infections, [1] though it may also be because of environmental factors that result in an imbalance in plant hormones. [2]
The bacteria need a film of water to facilitate infection. The bacteria can also be transmitted from one plant to another when beetles feed on an infected plant and the bacteria becomes attached to the beetles mouthparts. [4] The bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum and related species cause bacterial wilt of bananas and plantains. [5]