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UnionPay decal on the door of a dining hall in Chiba, Japan. With the approval of the People's Bank of China (PBOC), China UnionPay was launched on 26 March 2002, in Shanghai by PBOC governor Dai Xianglong, The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, the Agricultural Bank of China, the Bank of China and the China Construction Bank served as its first members. [6]
Once the cross-border net settlement is complete, the beneficiary receives the funds in their local currency. [10] On a daily basis, PAPSS settles the balance of all of the transactions among individual African currencies, netting them out prior to midnight. Central Banks then resolve the remaining difference.
A cost plus contract states that a client agrees to reimburse a construction company for building expenses such as labor, materials, and other costs, plus additional payment usually stated as a percentage of the contract's full price. This type of construction contract is an alternative to lump sum agreements.
Various abbreviations used for this type of contract are LSTK for lump sum turn key, EPIC for engineering, procurement, installation & commissioning and EPCC for engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning. Use of EPIC is common, e.g., by FIDIC and most Persian Gulf countries. Use of LSTK is common in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Obtaining construction loans are easier with this type of contract. [9] [8] The profit margins and percentages are greater for engineers and contractors. [8] [9] Payments and instalments are made on regular basis which provides the contractor with a reliable cash flow. [8] [9] Management of the contract is a lot easier for the owner. [8] [9]
Construction law builds upon general legal principles and methodologies and incorporates the regulatory framework (including security of payment, planning, environmental and building regulations); contract methodologies and selection (including traditional and alternative forms of contracting); subcontract issues; causes of action, and liability, arising in contract, negligence and on other ...
A Allocation of costs is the transfer of costs from one cost item to one or more other cost items. Allowance - a value in an estimate to cover the cost of known but not yet fully defined work. As-sold estimate - the estimate which matches the agreed items and price for the project scope. B Basis of estimate (BOE) - a document which describes the scope basis, pricing basis, methods ...
Cost-plus-incentive fee (CPIF) contracts have a larger fee awarded for contracts which meet or exceed certain performance goals, for example being on schedule and any cost savings. [1] Cost-plus-award fee (CPAF) contracts pay a fee based upon the contractor's product. An aircraft development contract, for example, may pay award fees if the ...