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Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that impairs the ability to regulate sleep–wake cycles, and specifically impacts REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. [1] The pentad symptoms of narcolepsy include excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), sleep-related hallucinations, sleep paralysis, disturbed nocturnal sleep (DNS), and cataplexy. [1]
Head mirror A doctor using a head mirror to illuminate his patient's nasal passages. A head mirror is a simple diagnostic device, stereotypically worn by physicians, but less so in recent decades as they have become somewhat obsolete. [1] A head mirror is mostly used for examination of the ear, nose and throat (ENT).
This condition was first discovered in 1995 by Melberg et al. when they described 5 members of a 4-generation Swedish family where cerebellar ataxia and sensorineural deafness presented as an autosomal dominant trait, 4 of them had narcolepsy and 2 had diabetes mellitus. The oldest members had psychiatric symptoms, neurological anomalies, and ...
Pediatric narcolepsy cases are cases when patients are diagnosed or experience symptoms onset for narcolepsy before the age of 18. Of patients who obtain a formal diagnosis for narcolepsy, more than 50% report first experiencing symptoms of narcolepsy more than 10 years before their formal diagnosis, with an average age of symptom onset being at age 15 and symptom onset most likely to occur ...
Patients with narcolepsy are diagnosed as either type 1 or type 2, with only the former presenting cataplexy symptoms. [58] Type 1 narcolepsy results from the loss of approximately 70,000 orexin -releasing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus , leading to significantly reduced cerebrospinal orexin levels; [ 59 ] [ 60 ] this reduction is a ...
Mangin mirrors were used in searchlights, where they produced a nearly true parallel beam. Many Catadioptric telescopes use negative lenses with a reflective coating on the backside that are referred to as “Mangin mirrors”, although they are not single-element objectives like the original Mangin, and some even predate Mangin's invention.
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Narcolepsy with cataplexy is considered an autoimmune-mediated disorder, so some therapies based on this hypothesis have been developed. Immunological therapies developed include: [ 20 ] Corticosteroids : after testing in 1 human and 1 canine case it proved to be ineffective so is less likely to be further used.