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Conventional water-softening appliances intended for household use depend on an ion-exchange resin in which "hardness ions"—mainly Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ —are exchanged for sodium ions. [7] As described by NSF/ANSI Standard 44 , [ 8 ] ion-exchange devices reduce the hardness by replacing magnesium and calcium (Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ) with sodium or ...
Water softeners are usually regenerated with brine containing 10% sodium chloride. [7] Aside from the soluble chloride salts of divalent cations removed from the softened water, softener regeneration wastewater contains the unused 50–70% of the sodium chloride regeneration flushing brine required to reverse ion-exchange resin equilibria.
The hard ions such as calcium (Ca 2+) and magnesium (Mg 2+) adhere to the sulfonate groups, displacing sodium ions. The resulting solution of sodium ions is softened. Idealized image of water softening process involving replacement of calcium ions in water with sodium ions donated by a cation exchange resin.
Ion-exchange resin beads. An ion-exchange resin or ion-exchange polymer is a resin or polymer that acts as a medium for ion exchange, that is also known as an ionex. [1] It is an insoluble matrix (or support structure) normally in the form of small (0.25–1.43 mm radius) microbeads, usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an organic polymer substrate.
Chloride cycle dealkalizers operate similar to sodium cycle cation water softeners. Like water softeners, dealkalizers contain ion-exchange resins that are regenerated with a concentrated salt solution - NaCl. In the case of a water softener, the cation exchange resin is exchanging sodium (the Na + ion of NaCl) for hardness minerals such as ...
As magnets affect water to a small degree, and water containing ions is more conductive than purer water, magnetic water treatment is an example of a valid scientific hypothesis that failed experimental testing and is thus disproven. Any products claiming to utilize magnetic water treatment are absolutely fraudulent. [1]
Social media users should beware of this holiday ho-ho-hoax that's going viral.
Ion-exchange resins are polymers with a net negative or positive charge. Cation-exchange resins consist of an anionic polymer with countercations, typically Na + (sodium). The resin has a higher affinity for highly charged countercations, for example by Ca 2+ (calcium) in the case of water softening.
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