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Periapical periodontitis; Other names: Apical periodontitis, periradicular periodontitis: Periapical dental radiograph showing chronic periapical periodontitis on the root of the left maxillary second premolar. Note large restoration present in the tooth, which will have undergone pulpal necrosis at some point before the development of this lesion.
In the periapical lesion, mediators that are normally produced primarily only by osteoblasts are released by many other cells as well, overstimulating proosteoclasts. As a result, these begin to proliferate and several cells fuse to form multinucleated giant cells capable of spreading over the infected, injured site and cause resorption of the ...
Commonly known as a dental cyst, the periapical cyst is the most common odontogenic cyst. It may develop rapidly from a periapical granuloma , as a consequence of untreated chronic periapical periodontitis .
Periapical granuloma, [1] also sometimes referred to as a radicular granuloma or apical granuloma, is an inflammation at the tip of a dead (nonvital) tooth. It is a lesion or mass that typically starts out as an epithelial lined cyst , and undergoes an inward curvature that results in inflammation of granulation tissue at the root tips of a ...
Periapical COD occurs most commonly in the mandibular anterior teeth while focal COD appears predominantly in the mandibular posterior teeth. Florid COD is an extensive variant of periapical COD where lesions occur in multiple quadrants which can encompass the maxilla and mandible, and infrequently can cause jawbone deformity.
Condensing osteitis, also known as focal sclerosing osteomyelitis, is a rare periapical inflammatory condition characterized by the formation of sclerotic bone near the roots of premolars and molars. This condition arises as a response to dental infections, such as periapical pulp inflammation or low-intensity trauma.
Periapical readiograph of lower right teeth, showing a large carious lesion in the distal of the lower right second molar. The same tooth also has an extensive periodontal defect. At this stage, without further information, it is difficult to tell which process has occurred first and lead to the death of the pulp.
The initial lesion appears within two to four days of gingival tissue being subjected to plaque accumulation. When not generated through clinical experimentation, the initial lesion may not appear at all, and instead, a detectable infiltrate similar to that of the early lesion, explained below, appears. [19] Features of the Initial Lesion: [15]