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Spider toxins are a family of proteins produced by spiders which function as neurotoxins.The mechanism of many spider toxins is through blockage of calcium channels.. A remotely related group of atracotoxins operate by opening sodium channels.
A latrotoxin is a high-molecular mass neurotoxin found in the venom of spiders of the genus Latrodectus (widow spiders) as well as at least one species of another genus in the same family, Steatoda nobilis. [1] Latrotoxins are the main active components of the venom and are responsible for the symptoms of latrodectism.
Delta atracotoxin is a 42-residue peptide toxin with the chemical formula C 206 H 313 N 59 O 59 S 9. [4] The amino acid sequence of delta atracotoxin is unusual in that it contains three consecutive cysteine residues at positions 14–16.
Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity). [3] Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological insults [ 4 ] that can adversely affect function in both developing and mature nervous tissue. [ 5 ]
The venom of Brazilian wandering spiders is also a potent neurotoxin, which attacks multiple types of ion channels. [7] Principally generating severe pain that travels up the limb, autonomic effects, including painful erections, occur with moderate envenomation. With severe envenomation heart and lung failure can result in death.
Therefore, understanding the neurotoxins produced by these animals can potentially used as therapeutics for slowing down neurodegeneration. There are still many limitations in this research due to a lack of sufficient natural resources, however using recombinant DNA is used a way to mitigate this issue by promoting heterologous protein ...
Medically significant spider venoms include various combinations and concentrations of necrotic agents, neurotoxins, and pharmacologically active compounds such as serotonin. Worldwide only two spider venoms have impact on humans—those of the widow and recluse spiders.
NEUROTOXINS can help the understanding of mechanisms involved in neurotransmission. We here report that two neurotoxin isoforms, Tx3-3 and Tx3-4 obtained from the venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer inhibited the 45 Ca 2+ influx in rat cortical synaptosomes induced by the scorpion venom tityustoxin. The IC50 for Tx3-3 and Tx3-4 were 0.32 ...