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The history of the Jews in Babylonia is largely unknown for the four centuries covering the period from Ezra (c. 5th century BCE) [7] to Hillel the Elder (traditionally c. 110 BCE – 10 CE); and the history of the succeeding two centuries, from Hillel to Judah the Prince (fl. 2nd century CE), furnishes only a few scanty items on the state of learning among the Babylonian Jews.
The Babylonian Talmud has Gemara—rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah—on thirty-seven masekhtot. The Jerusalem Talmud (Yerushalmi) has Gemara on thirty-nine masekhtot . [ 1 ] The Talmud is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law ( halakha ) and Jewish theology.
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (Aramaic: ארמית Ārāmît) was the form of Middle Aramaic employed by writers in Lower Mesopotamia between the fourth and eleventh centuries. It is most commonly identified with the language of the Babylonian Talmud (which was completed in the seventh century), the Targum Onqelos, and of post-Talmudic literature, which are the most important cultural products of ...
The Jerusalem Talmud (Hebrew: תַּלְמוּד יְרוּשַׁלְמִי, romanized: Talmud Yerushalmi, often Yerushalmi for short) or Palestinian Talmud, [1] [2] also known as the Talmud of the Land of Israel, [3] [4] is a collection of rabbinic notes on the second-century Jewish oral tradition known as the Mishnah.
The Babylonian Talmud, compiled by scholars in Babylonia around 500 CE and primarily from the academies of Sura, Pumbedita, and Nehardea, is the more commonly cited version when referring to the "Gemara" or "Talmud" without further qualification. The main compilers of the Babylonian Talmud were Ravina and Rav Ashi.
The Schottenstein Edition of the Babylonian Talmud is a 20th-century, 73-volume edition of the Babylonian Talmud (Talmud Bavli) featuring an elucidated translation and commentary, and published by ArtScroll, a division of Mesorah Publications. It is the first Orthodox non-academic English translation of the Babylonian Talmud since the Soncino ...
Bava Metzia (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: בָּבָא מְצִיעָא, "The Middle Gate") is the second of the first three Talmudic tractates in the order of Nezikin ("Damages"), the other two being Bava Kamma and Bava Batra.
The Babylonian Talmud refers to the Torah's Aramaic translation (Targum Onkelos) as "targum didan" ("our translation"), as opposed to that of the more ancient Palestinian Targum. [10] The earliest text samples (Exodus 15:9–12 in Hebrew-Aramaic) appear on two incantation bowls (5th–7th centuries CE) discovered at Nippur, Babylonia. [11] [12]