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Humans can smell chlorine gas at ranges from 0.1–0.3 ppm. According to a review from 2010: "At 1–3 ppm, there is mild mucous membrane irritation that can usually be tolerated for about an hour. At 5–15 ppm, there is moderate mucous membrane irritation. At 30 ppm and beyond, there is immediate chest pain, shortness of breath, and cough.
It is used to disinfect water as well as being a part of the sanitation process for sewage and industrial waste. Chlorine is also used as a bleaching agent during the production of paper and cloth. Many household cleaning products, including bleach, contain chlorine. Given the volume and ease of chlorine for industrial and commercial use ...
The patient is usually ill-appearing and presents with hypoxemia coupled with shallow rapid breathing. Therapy is supportive and includes removal from further nitrogen dioxide exposure. Systemic symptoms include fever and anorexia. Electrocardiography and chest radiography can help in revealing diffuse, bilateral alveolar infiltrates.
At sufficient concentrations, blood agents can quickly saturate the blood and cause death in a matter of minutes or seconds. [2] They cause powerful gasping for breath, violent convulsions and a painful death that can take several minutes. [2] The immediate cause of death is usually respiratory failure. [2] Blood agents work at the cellular ...
It may be suspected in a person following a house fire who has a decreased level of consciousness, low blood pressure, or high lactic acid. [2] Blood levels of cyanide can be measured but take time. [2] Levels of 0.5–1 mg/L are mild, 1–2 mg/L are moderate, 2–3 mg/L are severe, and greater than 3 mg/L generally result in death. [2]
Cl 2 (g) + 2 NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + NaClO(aq) + H 2 O. Hence, chlorine is simultaneously reduced and oxidized; this process is known as disproportionation. [citation needed] The process is also used to prepare the pentahydrate NaOCl·5H 2 O for industrial and laboratory use. In a typical process, chlorine gas is added to a 45–48% NaOH solution.
Metal fume fever, also known as brass founders' ague, brass shakes, [1] zinc shakes, galvie flu, galvo poisoning, metal dust fever, welding shivers, or Monday morning fever, [2] is an illness primarily caused by exposure to chemicals such as zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3), or magnesium oxide (MgO) which are produced as byproducts in the fumes that result when certain metals are ...
The breathing reflex is triggered by CO 2 concentration in the blood, not by the oxygen concentration, so even a small buildup of CO 2 in the inhaled gas quickly becomes intolerable; if a person tries to directly rebreathe their exhaled breathing gas, they will soon feel an acute sense of suffocation, so rebreathers must remove the CO 2 in a ...