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Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase and blocks adenosine receptors. [1] It is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma . [ 2 ]
It is sometimes associated with digitalis toxicity in patients with heart disease. [citation needed] It is most commonly associated with hypoxia and COPD. Additionally, it can be caused by theophylline toxicity, a drug with a narrow therapeutic index commonly used to treat COPD. Theophylline can cause a number of different abnormal heart ...
Signs of ethylene glycol poisoning depend upon the time after ingestion. [6] Symptoms usually follow a three-step progression, although poisoned individuals will not always develop each stage. [7] [8] Stage 1 (30 minutes to 12 hours) consists of neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms and looks similar to alcohol poisoning. [9]
A combination of theophylline, ephedrine, and hydroxyzine has been marketed under the brand name Marax among others as well. [16] [17] [18] Combinations of theophylline, ephedrine, and a barbiturate were later phased out in favor of combinations of theophylline and ephedrine alone (e.g., brand name Franol).
Paraxanthine is believed to exhibit a lower toxicity than caffeine and the caffeine metabolite, theophylline. [22] [23] In a mouse model, intraperitoneal paraxanthine doses of 175 mg/kg/day did not result in animal death or overt signs of stress; [24] by comparison, the intraperitoneal LD50 for caffeine in mice is reported at 168 mg/kg. [25]
Toxic encephalopathy is a neurologic disorder caused by exposure to neurotoxic organic solvents such as toluene, following exposure to heavy metals such as manganese, as a side effect of melarsoprol treatment for African trypanosomiasis, adverse effects to prescription drugs, or exposure to extreme concentrations of any natural toxin such as cyanotoxins found in shellfish or freshwater ...
It is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes toxicity to the amount that causes the therapeutic effect. [1] The related terms therapeutic window or safety window refer to a range of doses optimized between efficacy and toxicity, achieving the greatest therapeutic benefit without resulting in unacceptable side-effects or ...
Symptoms may include elevated body temperature, blurred vision, dilated pupils, sleepiness, confusion, seizures, rapid heart rate, and cardiac arrest. [1] If symptoms have not occurred within six hours of exposure they are unlikely to occur. [2] TCA overdose may occur by accident or purposefully in an attempt to cause death. [2]