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Value theory, also known as axiology and theory of values, is the systematic study of values.As the branch of philosophy examining which things are good and what it means for something to be good, it distinguishes different types of values and explores how they can be measured and compared.
The critical realist views the domain of real causal mechanisms as the appropriate object of economic science, whereas the positivist view is that the reality is exhausted in empirical, i.e. experienced reality. Tony Lawson argues that economics ought to embrace a "social ontology" to include the underlying causes of economic phenomena.
Philosophical realism—usually not treated as a position of its own but as a stance towards other subject matters— is the view that a certain kind of thing (ranging widely from abstract objects like numbers to moral statements to the physical world itself) has mind-independent existence, i.e. that it exists even in the absence of any mind perceiving it or that its existence is not just a ...
Max Scheler, one of the main early proponents of axiological ethics, agrees with Brentano that experience is a reliable source for the knowledge of values. [10] [6] Scheler, following the phenomenological method, holds that this knowledge is not just restricted to particular cases but that we can gain insight a priori into the essence of values ...
Hilary Putnam likewise writes "one doesn't have to think of a 'way' the world could have been as another world" and asks why "one couldn’t say that a 'way' the world could be is just a property, a characteristic, however complicated, that the whole world could have had, rather than another world of the same sort as our own". [20]
For example, the ancient Jaina Anekantavada principle of Mahavira (c. 599–527 BC) states that truth and reality are perceived differently from diverse points of view, and that no single point of view is the complete truth; [14] [15] and the Greek philosopher Protagoras (c. 481–420 BC) famously asserted that "man is the measure of all things".
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Legal realism, the view that jurisprudence should emulate the methods of natural science, i.e., rely on empirical evidence; Realism (international relations), the view that world politics is driven by competitive self-interest Classical realism (international relations) Neorealism (international relations) Structural realism, in international ...