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While the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and Finland (from 1919 to 2000) exemplified early semi-presidential systems, the term "semi-presidential" was first introduced in 1959 in an article by journalist Hubert Beuve-Méry, [5] and popularized by a 1978 work written by political scientist Maurice Duverger, [6] both of whom intended to describe ...
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A semi-presidential republic is a government system with power divided between a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government, used in countries like France, Portugal, and Egypt. The president, elected by the people, symbolizes national unity and foreign policy while the prime minister is appointed by the president or ...
For example, a group of voters (e.g. voters on the left) may be split between two or more presidential candidates, thus making it unlikely that any of this group's candidates wins the presidential election, but these coordination problems may be resolved in the legislative election, leading to a different outcome in the two elections.
There are three types of government systems in European politics: in a presidential system, the president is the head of state and the head of government; in a semi-presidential system, the president and the prime minister share a number of competences; finally, in a parliamentary republic, the president is a ceremonial figurehead who has few political competences.
Typically in presidential and semi-presidential systems the president is directly elected by the people or is indirectly elected as done in the United States. In that country, the president is officially elected by an electoral college, chosen by the States. All U.S. States have chosen electors by popular election since 1832.
Semi-presidential republic: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature Assembly-independent republic : Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
There also exists the semi-presidential system that draws on both presidential systems and parliamentary systems by combining a powerful president with an executive responsible to parliament: for example, the French Fifth Republic. Parliamentarianism may also apply to regional and local governments.