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The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
In two most recent investigations using statistically stable samples for Italian earthquakes (approximately 100,000 events over the period 1981–2002 in the Richter local [M L ] magnitude range of 3.5–5.8) [5] and for Indian earthquakes exemplified by an aftershock sequence of 121 events with M s (surface wave magnitude) > 4.0 in 2001 in the Bhuj area of northwestern India, [4] the latest ...
The original "body-wave magnitude" – mB or m B (uppercase "B") – was developed by Gutenberg 1945c and Gutenberg & Richter 1956 [25] to overcome the distance and magnitude limitations of the M L scale inherent in the use of surface waves. mB is based on the P and S waves, measured over a longer period, and does not saturate until around M 8.
The earthquake, measuring 2.1ML on the Richter scale, hit Morvern in the Highlands just before 3.30pm. It was felt by islanders on Lismore, Inner Hebrides, and by villagers in Mallaig and Morar ...
Kanamori and American seismologist Thomas C. Hanks developed the moment magnitude scale which replaced the Richter scale as a measurement of the relative strength of earthquakes. [1] [2] [3] Kanamori invented the method for calculating slip distribution on the fault plane by teleseismic waveform with Masayuki Kikuchi. In addition, they studied ...
This scale is also known as the Richter scale, but news media sometimes use that term indiscriminately to refer to other similar scales.) The local magnitude scale was developed on the basis of shallow (~15 km (9 mi) deep), moderate-sized earthquakes at a distance of approximately 100 to 600 km (62 to 373 mi), conditions where the surface waves ...
This magnitude scale is related to the local magnitude scale proposed by Charles Francis Richter in 1935, with modifications from both Richter and Beno Gutenberg throughout the 1940s and 1950s. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is currently used in People's Republic of China as a national standard ( GB 17740-1999 ) for categorising earthquakes.
The following are examples of commonly used logarithmic scales, where a larger quantity results in a higher value: Richter magnitude scale and moment magnitude scale (MMS) for strength of earthquakes and movement in the Earth; A logarithmic scale makes it easy to compare values that cover a large range, such as in this map.