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The Open Door Policy (Chinese: 門戶開放政策) is the United States diplomatic policy established in the late 19th and early 20th century that called for a system of equal trade and investment and to guarantee the territorial integrity of Qing China.
Defining and Defending the Open Door Policy: Theodore Roosevelt and China, 1901–1909 (Lexington Books, 2015). online review; Morris, Edmund (2001), Theodore Rex, Random House, ISBN 978-0394555096; Nester, William R. Theodore Roosevelt and the Art of American Power: An American for All Time (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019). excerpt
The Open Door Policy under President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay guided U.S. policy towards China, as they sought to keep open trade equal trade opportunities in China for all countries. Roosevelt mediated the peace that ended the Russo-Japanese War and reached the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 limiting
A French political cartoon in 1898, showing Britain, Germany, Russia, France, and Japan dividing China. The Scramble for China, [1] also known as the Partition of China [2] or the Scramble for Concessions, [3] was a concept that existed during the late 1890s in Europe, the United States, and the Empire of Japan for the partitioning of China under the Qing dynasty as their own spheres of ...
Uncle Sam (United States) rejects force and violence and ask "fair field and no favor"--that is, equal opportunity for all trading nations to peacefully enter the China market. This became the Open Door Policy. Editorial cartoon by William A. Rogers in Harper's Magazine November 18, 1899.
Roosevelt also attempted to expand U.S. influence in East Asia and the Pacific, where the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire were rivals trying to expand their role in Korea and China. He kept an important aspect of McKinley's rhetoric in East Asia: the Open Door Policy calling for keeping the Chinese economy open to trade from all ...
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United States Secretary of State John Hay, the driving force behind the Open Door policy.. The Nine-Power Treaty (Kyūkakoku Jōyaku (Japanese: 九カ国条約)) or Nine-Power Agreement (Chinese: 九國公約; pinyin: jiǔ guó gōngyuē) was a 1922 treaty affirming the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of China as per the Open Door Policy.