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The actual direct solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere fluctuates by about 6.9% during a year (from 1.412 kW/m 2 in early January to 1.321 kW/m 2 in early July) due to the Earth's varying distance from the Sun, and typically by much less than 0.1% from day to day.
Total solar irradiance (TSI) is a measure of the solar power over all wavelengths per unit area incident on the Earth's upper atmosphere. It is measured facing (pointing at / parallel to) the incoming sunlight (i.e. the flux through a surface perpendicular to the incoming sunlight; other angles would not be TSI and be reduced by the dot product ...
The updated figure (right) shows the variations and contrasts solar cycles 14 and 24, a century apart, that are quite similar in all solar activity measures (in fact cycle 24 is slightly less active than cycle 14 on average), yet the global mean air surface temperature is more than 1 degree Celsius higher for cycle 24 than cycle 14, showing the ...
Solar storms send particles flowing from the sun that get caught up in Earth's magnetic field, causing colorful auroras to form as they interact with molecules of atmospheric gases. In the months ...
A 2021 publication [8] about solar geometry first calculates the x-, y-, and z-component of the solar vector, which is a unit vector with its tail fixed at the observer's location and its head kept pointing toward the Sun, and then uses the components to calculate the solar zenith angle and solar azimuth angle. The calculated solar vector at 1 ...
The GOES spacecraft have carried an X-ray sensor (XRS) which measures the flux from the whole solar disk in two bands – 0.05 to 0.4 nm and 0.1 to 0.8 nm – since 1974, an X-ray imager (SXI) since 2004, a magnetometer which measures the distortions of the Earth's magnetic field due to space weather, a whole disk EUV sensor since 2004, and ...
"The Leonids are caused by the debris of ice and dust left behind by 55P/Tempel-Tuttle (a comet) as it passes through the solar system and orbits the sun every 33 years," according to Space.com.
Radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit solid angle. This is a directional quantity. Spectral intensity: I e,Ω,ν [nb 3] watt per steradian per hertz W⋅sr −1 ⋅Hz −1: M⋅L 2 ⋅T −2: Radiant intensity per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly measured in W⋅sr −1 ⋅nm −1. This is a ...