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1982, Multiplan for CP/M operating system, later becoming Microsoft Excel, launched Aug 1982. 1983, Lotus 1-2-3 for MS-DOS, the first killer application for the IBM PC, it took the market from Visicalc in the early 1980s. 1983, Dynacalc for OS-9 a Unix-like operating system, similar to VisiCalc. [11]
The EPFO's top decision-making body is the Central Board of Trustees (CBT), [2] [3] a statutory body established by the Employees' Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions (EPF&MP) Act, 1952. [4] As of 2021, more than ₹ 15.6 lakh crore (US$209 billion) are under EPFO management.
Legally, the EPF is only obligated to provide 2.5% dividends (as per Section 27 of the Employees Provident Fund Act 1991). [7] The EPF claims that the lowered dividend is the result of its decision to invest in low-risk fixed revenue instruments, which produce lower returns but maintains the principal value of its members' contributions.
The Public Provident Fund (PPF) is a voluntary savings-tax-reduction social security instrument in India, [1] introduced by the National Savings Institute of the Ministry of Finance in 1968. The scheme's main objective is to mobilize small savings for social security during uncertain times by offering an investment with reasonable returns ...
Also known as the "Sum of the Digits" method, the Rule of 78s is a term used in lending that refers to a method of yearly interest calculation. The name comes from the total number of months' interest that is being calculated in a year (the first month is 1 month's interest, whereas the second month contains 2 months' interest, etc.).
The rule number (e.g., 72) is divided by the interest percentage per period (usually years) to obtain the approximate number of periods required for doubling. Although scientific calculators and spreadsheet programs have functions to find the accurate doubling time, the rules are useful for mental calculations and when only a basic calculator ...
Internal rate of return (IRR) is a method of calculating an investment's rate of return. The term internal refers to the fact that the calculation excludes external factors, such as the risk-free rate, inflation, the cost of capital, or financial risk. The method may be applied either ex-post or ex-ante. Applied ex-ante, the IRR is an estimate ...
An amortization calculator is used to determine the periodic payment amount due on a loan (typically a mortgage), based on the amortization process.. The amortization repayment model factors varying amounts of both interest and principal into every installment, though the total amount of each payment is the same.