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Christianity spread in Scotland from the 6th century, with evangelisation by Irish-Scots missionaries and, to a lesser extent, those from Rome and England. [1] The church in Scotland attained clear independence from England after the Papal Bull of Celestine III (Cum universi, 1192), by which all Scottish bishoprics except Galloway became formally independent of York and Canterbury.
The English responded with an armed invasion and after defeats for the Scots at Dunbar in 1650 and Worcester in 1651, the English occupied the country in 1652 and Scotland was declared part of the Commonwealth. [55] The Kirk became deeply divided, partly in the search for scapegoats for defeat.
Knox sparked the Scottish Reformation in 1560 when he began preaching about Protestantism to large groups of people throughout the country. [15] Later on, Scotland became involved in the English Civil War when Charles I threatened the country's Presbyterian Church. [10]
c. 1100 – Circassia (most of the country would remain pagan in spite of Georgian expansion into the region) 1124 – Conversion of Pomerania; 1160s – Obotrites; c. 1200 – (Southwestern) Finland; 1227 – Livonia (Estonia and Latvia), Cumania (Transylvania) 1241 – Saaremaa; 1260 – Curonians; 1290 – Semigallians
[7] [22] Much of the growth has occurred after World War II, when decolonization of Africa and abolition of various restrictions against Protestants in Latin American countries occurred. [8] According to one source, Protestants constituted respectively 2.5% of South Americans, 2% of Africans and 0.5% of Asians in 1900. [ 8 ]
Following World War II, Scotland's economic situation became progressively worse due to overseas competition, inefficient industry, and industrial disputes. This only began to change in the 1970s, partly due to the discovery and development of North Sea oil and gas and partly as Scotland moved towards a more service-based economy, with the ...
In Scotland most of these are located in the south of the country in the area of the British successor states that would be known as the Hen Ogledd, or the Old North. [14] From the fifth and sixth centuries, inscribed stones indicate Christianity through their dedications and are spread across southern Scotland.
The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities c.1815 – c.1914 (2006) excerpt; González, Justo L. (1985). The Story of Christianity, Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day. San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 0-06-063316-6. Hastings, Adrian (1999). A World History of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028 ...