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Oleum (Latin oleum, meaning oil), or fuming sulfuric acid, is a term referring to solutions of various compositions of sulfur trioxide in sulfuric acid, or sometimes more specifically to disulfuric acid (also known as pyrosulfuric acid). [1] Oleums can be described by the formula ySO 3 ·H 2 O where y is the total molar mass of sulfur trioxide ...
Benzene can be easily converted to chlorobenzene by nucleophilic aromatic substitution via a benzyne intermediate. [1] It is treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C and 300 bar or molten sodium hydroxide at 350 °C to convert it to sodium phenoxide, which yields phenol upon acidification. [2]
Sulfonation of benzene involves the use of oleum, a mixture of sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide. Sulfonated benzene derivatives are useful detergents . In nitration , benzene reacts with nitronium ions (NO 2 + ), which is a strong electrophile produced by combining sulfuric and nitric acids.
This reaction is related to several classic named reactions: The acylated reaction product can be converted into the alkylated product via a Clemmensen or a Wolff-Kishner reduction. [17] The Gattermann–Koch reaction can be used to synthesize benzaldehyde from benzene. [18] The Gatterman reaction describes arene reactions with hydrocyanic acid ...
Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a functional group in a compound, which is typically, but not always, aromatic. Aromatic substitution reactions are characteristic of aromatic compounds and are common ways of introducing functional groups into benzene rings.
Upon detonation, TNT undergoes a decomposition equivalent to the reaction 2 C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 → 3 N 2 + 5 H 2 + 12 CO + 2 C. plus some of the reactions H 2 + CO → H 2 O + C. and 2 CO → CO 2 + C. The reaction is exothermic but has a high activation energy in the gas phase (~62 kcal/mol).
The Piria reaction. In the Tyrer sulfonation process (1917), [7] at some time of technological importance, benzene vapor is led through a vessel containing 90% sulfuric acid the temperature of which is increased from 100 to 180°C. Water and benzene are continuously removed and the benzene fed back to the vessel. In this way an 80% yield is ...
Benzene is converted to cyclohexylbenzene by acid-catalyzed alkylation with cyclohexene. [6] Cyclohexylbenzene is a precursor to both phenol and cyclohexanone. [7] Hydration of cyclohexene gives cyclohexanol, which can be dehydrogenated to give cyclohexanone, a precursor to caprolactam. [8] The oxidative cleavage of cyclohexene gives adipic acid.