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TORCH syndrome is a cluster of symptoms caused by congenital infection with toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and other organisms including syphilis, parvovirus, and Varicella zoster. [1] Zika virus is considered the most recent member of TORCH infections. [2]
If a person becomes infected during pregnancy, a condition known as congenital toxoplasmosis may affect the child. [ 1 ] Toxoplasmosis is usually spread by eating poorly cooked food that contains cysts , by exposure to infected cat feces, or from an infected woman to her baby during pregnancy. [ 3 ]
During pregnancy, hepatitis A can cause placental abruption, premature rupture of membranes, and increased rates of preterm labor. [ 20 ] Hepatitis B is an enveloped, double stranded DNA virus that is spread by exposure to blood, with the main modes of transmission are blood, sexual transmission, or perinatal.
A vertically transmitted infection is an infection caused by pathogenic bacteria or viruses that use mother-to-child transmission, that is, transmission directly from the mother to an embryo, fetus, or baby during pregnancy or childbirth. It can occur when the mother has a pre-existing disease or becomes infected during pregnancy. Nutritional ...
Chronic or recurrent maternal infection during pregnancy is not thought to confer a risk of congenital toxoplasmosis because maternal immunity protects against fetal transmission. In contrast, pregnant women without serologic evidence of prior exposure to Toxoplasma should take sanitary precautions such as having someone else clean and maintain ...
Birth defects may result from genetic or chromosomal disorders, exposure to certain medications or chemicals, or certain infections during pregnancy. [4] Risk factors include folate deficiency, drinking alcohol or smoking during pregnancy, poorly controlled diabetes, and a mother over the age of 35 years old.
Pyrimethamine, sold under the brand name Daraprim among others, is a medication used with leucovorin (leucovorin is used to decrease side effects of pyrimethamine; it does not have intrinsic anti-parasitic activity) to treat the parasitic diseases toxoplasmosis and cystoisosporiasis.
It may cause harm if taken during pregnancy. [6] It is in the macrolide class and works by slowing down bacterial protein synthesis . [ 6 ] Clarithromycin resistance is already a major challenge to healthcare systems and such resistance is spreading, leading to recommendations to test the susceptibility of pathogenic organisms to the antibiotic ...